Monday, December 30, 2019

Treatment Of Drug Use And Drug Abuse Essay - 2194 Words

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (2012), the intention of drug addiction treatment is to help addicted individuals stop compulsive drug use and drug-seeking behavior (p. 8). Substance use is a timeless practice of cultures around the world and can be found in religious ceremonies, celebratory engagements, and family gatherings. Substance abuse and addiction has also been lurking in the shadows of history and has morphed into what some are calling an epidemic today. Treatment for addiction is a necessary service all over the world, but the methods and modalities of its practice have changed throughout history often being molded by federal policy. In the following pages I will discuss some of these changes to treatment in the 20th century in the United States. According to Henninger and Sung (2014), in the late 1940s the Minnesota Model was introduced as a new method to treat alcoholism. The Minnesota Model included mutual respect for participants instead of shame and degradation. One of the first facilities to utilize the Minnesota Model was Willmar State Hospital in Minnesota. The Willmar State Hospital staff eventually developed the model which was based on insisting that treatment include a multidisciplinary and holistic approach. The staff at Willmar also believed that professionalization of addiction treatment was necessary to appropriately treat patients. This progression of change to the Minnesota Model would mean that doctors, nurses,Show MoreRelatedIllegal Substance Abuse And Addiction1196 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal substance abuse and addiction can have far-reaching negative impacts that affect not only the people who abuse drugs but also their friends, family members, the community, and government resources. 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They mistakenly view drug abuse and addiction as strictly a socialRead MoreThe Ethics of Drug Use and Drug Abuse1579 Words   |  6 PagesEthics of Drug Use and Drug Abuse For any professional working in the substance abuse treatment field, they will very likely come across situations and be presented with dilemmas relating to personal beliefs, judgments, and values. Drug or substance use and abuse have been a controversial and heated topic around the world for centuries. Drug abuse, in a way, is a facet of human culture that has been present for a great deal of human history in general. Every culture handles the issue of drug abuseRead MoreAbstinence vs. Harm Reduction1733 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Abstinence Vs. Harm Reduction† â€Å"Drug policy regarding the control of the traditional illicit substances (opiates, cocaine, cannabis) is currently moving through upbeat times in almost all Western countries. Prohibition on the basis of repressive law enforcement not only seems to fail on a large scale, but also to create vast additional costs, problems, and harm for drug consumers, who often find themselves in extreme social, economic, and health conditions† (Fischer 1995: 389). Western countriesRead MoreDrug Abuse Essay894 Words   |  4 PagesDrug abuse is a disease where people compulsively seek and use drugs knowing the harmful consequences (Nida, 2017). Most of Americas top social problems relate to or are impacted by drug abuse: drugged driving, child abuse, violence, and stress. Drugs take an immense toll on our society at many different levels. This includes health care expenditures, lost earnings, and costs associated with crime and accidents (Nida, 2017). For example, according to NIDA(National Institute On Drug Abuse) IllicitRead MoreSubstance Abuse Is A Brain Disease766 Words   |  4 PagesFindings Substance Abuse is a brain disease While the choice to use alcohol and drugs is initially voluntary, alcohol and/or drug addiction arises because the normal functioning of the brain is impaired so that alcoholism and drug addiction become a â€Å"chronic relapsing disease of the brain† (National Institute of Drug Abuse, Drugs, Brains and Behavior. The Science of Addiction. 2014, 5). Drugs impact the pathways of the brain by flooding the circuit with dopamine, which disturbs and distorts normalRead MoreDrug Addiction And Drug Abuse1401 Words   |  6 PagesAn Essay on Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse Introduction: The terms drug addiction and drug abuse are often used interchangeably. However, they are in fact two separate situations. Drug abuse generally leads a person down the path toward drug addiction, but not every individual who abuses drugs becomes an addict. The definition of drug abuse continues to change because the term is subjective and infused with the political and moral values of the society or culture one lives in. An example

Sunday, December 22, 2019

My Experience At The Weigel Center / Senior Center

My experience in the Weigel Center/Senior center was superb, I enjoyed helping the senior citizens very much. I thought it was a great learning experience for the future if I wanted to to that again or help anyone with anything. Doing this gave me more skills for volunteering in the future. I also enjoyed the people there, they were very kind not what I expected I thought they would all be grumpy and want to eat there hearts out but I was wrong really wrong they were all kind and there were even a few that spoke Spanish just like me. The type of work I did at the Weigel Center/Senior center was arrangement of the condiments for the food that would be given that day I was given 9 plastic squares to put a few of each condiment inside. After that I placed most of the serving mats on the tables as another women helped by also doing so. I also would start serving them food more like a waiter in a restaurant. If a new person came in the the front door I would greet them as they sat down. I would tell them the options for a drink consisting of water,fruit punch,pink lemonade and coffee the place where the drinks were wasn t that far away so I could come back immediately so after I gave them some time to speak with the other quests of the other people they arrived with I would come over and ask them if they wanted any refills and if they were ready to choose what they wanted to eat. We didn t have any menu s we could distribute among them but we had a big chalk board

Saturday, December 14, 2019

International Aspirations of an Emerging Market Firm Free Essays

International Aspirations of an Emerging Market Firm Arcadia, a Turkish appliance manufacturer controlled by Turkeys largest conglomerate company named Crock Group. From the beginning, Recall products more than half of Turkeys appliances, including air conditioners, dishwashers machines, cooking appliances, and refrigerators. But since trade barriers declined in sass and sass, many competitors such as SSH, Hairier, General Electronic, Whirlpool, and Electrocute were threatening Recalls market share. We will write a custom essay sample on International Aspirations of an Emerging Market Firm or any similar topic only for you Order Now In global household appliance industry, consumers tend to view home appliances as commodities, and often value low prices. Some applicants carry small profit and have long life span, using automated manufacturing plants and low-cost labor Is only help in short run for the manufacturers. In order to sell in premium price and increase profit margins, some appliance makers differentiate their product by Innovative, value-added technology and features. However, innovation is costly. Which caused most major appliance manufacturers began to globalize (Cassavas, Knight, Rosenberg, 2008, up. 277-278). Arcadia sees its best prospect In emerging, fast-growing markets in Eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America. Perhaps Singapore could be one of those markets that allow Arcadia to be a lead player in the industry as its aims. Issues Economic in Singapore. Singapore economic is the first issue that attracts Arcadia to enter Into this emerging market. Singapore GAP shows Gingersnap’s buying power, which also affects Arsenic’s products. Analysis Economic in Singapore. According to Political Risk Yearbook: Singapore Country Report stated; â€Å"real GAP growth for the second quarter of 2010 surged to an Increasable rate of nearly 19%, on top of registering nearly 1 7% growth in the first quarter, and that performance has now positioned Singapore to be one of the fastest growing economies in the world. † (2010, p. 4). Singapore is one of the world’s leading business centers and a major destination for foreign Investment. The first reason Is monetary stability In Singapore Is good. Second, the legal and regulatory framework for the financial sector is transparent and efficient. The government influence in the sector is gradually being reduced. Third, anti-corruption laws are strong and well enforced. Moreover, foreign and domestic Investors are treated equally, and openness to global commerce fosters competitiveness. With prudent and sound banking practices, the financial sector has weathered the global financial turbulence relatively well (Miller and Holmes, Para. 3). These should be good enough reasons to attract Arcadia entering Singapore market. Issues Singapore Consumer Lifestyle. The second Issue that Recall need to know before doing business in Singapore Is consumer lifestyle. In order to know which products appropriate to consumer lifestyle in Singapore, Arcadia should be marketed precisely; ongoing research in Singapore consumer lifestyle will definitely help Arcadia reaching their goal. Analysis Singapore Consumer Lifestyle. According to Global Marketing Information Database (GIMP), point out that Singapore have their busy lifestyle. They spend more time on working, and spending less time in other thing else. As Gingersnaps become busier, the demand for convenience has been on the rise. Thus, the household appliances should sales something that help Singapore save time such as microwaves and freezers. As Gingersnaps workers have less time for grocery hopping, having a freezer will help them to purchase more food. Likewise, microwaves will be great help to save time in cooking for Singapore busy worker. Moreover, Singapore is very attuned to high-technology lifestyles, and technology- based products and services are extremely popular. On the other hand, over the short-term the economic downturn will drive many consumers to be much more discerning, and they will search hard for the best deals (GIMP, 2011, Para. 1-13). Commercial risks in Singapore. The last issue that Arcadia need to study carefully is attention risks in Singapore, including country risks or political risks, cross-cultural risks, commercial risks, and currency risks. Although Singapore has lower rate of corruption than other Asian countries and its Singapore Dollar (SAG) is quite strong, there is commercial risks that need to be considered. Analysis Commercial risks in Singapore. Although the Business Monitor International mentioned that the Singapore Dollar (SAG) is safe, there are commercial risks in Singapore. From Smog’s information, Arcadia may adapt its products, prices, and promotions in order to minimize commercial risks while doing business in Singapore. In addition, there are several competitors who already have niches in Singapore should appliances market share such as, LEG Electronics, Panasonic, Samsung, and Careful. In order to compete with those strong competitors, Arcadia could apply its advantage, which is its knowledge of how to produce products for lower-income countries. â€Å"It operates 11 manufacturing plants in Turkey, Romania, Russia and China. Arcadia is a member of the Koch Group of companies, which holds a majority stake in the company. † (Denominator, 2010, p. 50). All those manufacturing plants allow Arcadia to produce appliances less expensively than some competitors. The retailers in Singapore are also important to Arcadias business. The main retail chains selling home appliances in Singapore are Harvey Norman, Best Dense, Courts and Gain City. Large department stores such as Tasmania and Siesta also carry a variety of major brands of home appliances. Conclusion Arcadia should expect to be better in emerging market such as, Singapore because this county offers good opportunity to household appliance businesses. Singapore has strong position in economic and continuously growth in household occupants. Arcadia should be attracted by consumer demand by households. In order to maximize company performance, Arcadia could study Singapore consumer life style and adapts its products to meet Gingersnap’s demands. Reclaim has strong distribution network with close to 4,500 dealers in Turkey and 366 aboard. How to cite International Aspirations of an Emerging Market Firm, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Monetary Policy Pros and Cons System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Monetary Policy Pros and Cons System. Answer: Introduction Predominantly, fiscal policy is applied alongside monetary policy. Simply put, fiscal policy refers to government measures through taxation and expenditure aimed at influencing the economic conditions of a country.Majorly, there are two tools of macroeconomic policy, fiscal policy, and monetary policy. Primarily, there are three types of fiscal policies. Namely, expansionary, contractionary and discretionary fiscal policies management. Usually, expansionary policies are implemented to boost or stimulate economic activity whereas contractionary fiscal policy is implemented to reduce economic activity. The discretionary fiscal policy comes in the form of fiscal stimulus packages. In Australia, fiscal policy is the mandate of the Australian government. Following the recent historic economic downturn, the global financial crisis of 2008-09, it was imperative that fiscal policy be implemented alongside monetary policies to cushion the Australian economy against the effects of the global e conomic crisis. Majorly, taxation and government spending and revenue are the commonly used fiscal policy tools in Australia and globally. Through increased government expenditure during recessive times, the government is able to stir economic management activity and provide employment opportunities.However, reduced government expenditure during economic growth levels are aimed at stabilizing economic conditions such as inflation through the implementation of contractionary fiscal policy. During economic downturns, the government offers tax breaks and cuts to encourage investment and consumption as opposed to saving.However, during high economic growth times, taxes are increased to regulate consumer spending to stabilize the economy. Typically taxation is used to control the flow during different economic cycles. Particularly, it can be said that taxation is effective in controlling consumption and production patterns due to its direct application through levies and penalties for violations. Noteworthy, Australian fiscal policy played a vital role in reviving the Australian economy after the negative effects of the recent Global Economic Crisis, also known as the Global financial crisis. However, fiscal policy had the help of monetary policies, demand, and supply based advantages plus strong regulated financial systems that helped it through the financial crisis of the year 2008-09. Fiscal Policy Australia. Objectively, fiscal measures are implemented to promote public welfare and economic growth through the supply of commodities and to stabilize economic fluctuations. According to the Australian 2016-17 Budget, small and middle-sized businesses are the beneficiaries of tax cut ranging from 28.5 percent to 27.5 percent to encourage growth and expansion. Further, the Australian Budget 2016-17 has increased the tax bracket of middle-income earners to higher income earners thus an implementation of fiscal policy through taxation(Focus Economics 2016).Noteworthy, in Australia, the fiscal policy is done by the Australian government as a macroeconomic policy. During the global financial crisis, discretionary fiscal policy in the form of fiscal stimulus packages was implemented into the economy(Dolomere n. d).Predominantly, the Australian fiscal policy is based on the Charter of Budget Honesty Act of 1998 which advocates for the implementation of medium-term policies. Further, the expansionary fiscal policy was implemented through Australian government financial handouts and expenditure in medium-term business ventures.For instance, the Australian government implemented the building schools revolution which is considered successful following the global financial crisis of 2008-09(Roydon 2008).Through expansionary fiscal policy, aggregate demand for commodities rose and instances of cyclical unemployment reduced thus the assertion that fiscal policy is effective.However, the effectiveness of fiscal policy is dependent upon timely policy implementation and political will. This is one of the major shortcomings of the fiscal policy effectiveness. The fiscal policy requires direct and timely implementation for it to be successful. Following the political mandate and will, fiscal policy might be implemented too late to have effective solutions to the targeted problem. Majorly, there s expansionary and contractionary fiscal policy management. Usually, expansionary fiscal policy is implemented to stimulate economic activity during contractive cycles of enterprises wheres contractionary fiscal policy is implemented to slow down the rate of economic activity thus making it seldom applied (Amadeo 2017).Typically, under contractionary fiscal measures taxation is increased and public expenditure reduced by the government to slow down economic activity. Usually, contractionary policy is effective in curbing inflation thus the need for implementation of contractionary fiscal policy in cases of inflationary pressures in the economy. The Australian Budget 2016-17 implemented some degree of contractionary fiscal policy. Further, the Australian government is pursuing tax avoidance incidences and exploring a new form of taxation such as the Google tax on multinationals to boost its revenue figures to supplement the budget deficit. Predominantly, expansionary fiscal policy is effective during a recession as evidenced by the Australian fiscal policy during the global financial recession of 2008-09.Noteworthy, the Australian Budget 2008-09 recorded a surplus of $ 21.7 bn which was aimed at stimulating the different declining sectors of the economy at the time(Australian Government N.d). Further, tax breaks and cuts were extended to Australian households to encourage private expenditure and investment which overall stimulates the aggregate demand for goods and economic activity. Remarkably, the Australian government increased its expenditure through its $4 bn investment to purchase residential mortgages with an aim of reviving the collapsing housing sector. Public expenditure was increased by the Australian government between the years 2008-12.Following the implementation of fiscal policy in 2008, there was increased government expenditure looking out for the public welfare of the Australian population. Notably, the Australian government expenditure following the global financial crisis of 2008 increased. Currently, the Hodd government is experiencing budgetary deficits due to the high expenditure estimates as compared to the revenue collection(Duncan and Cassells 2017).Particularly between the year 2008 and 2009, the Australian government expenditure as compared to its Gross domestic product was $150.7 bn in social security and welfare. Currently, social security and welfare is the largest expenditure of the Australian government at $161.4bn Australian dollars.Following the Global Financial Crisis of 2008-09, the Australian government implemented various fiscal policies to cushion its economy against the effects of the crisis. After the crisis, there was increased government expenditure on public utilities such as schools, housing, tax breaks and transfer of incomes between December 2008-March 09, which led to a rise in the exchange rates and GDP in the year 2008-09. By and large, it can be said that fiscal stimulus boosted the economic activity after the recession but later led to a decline in economic activity due to the strengthened exchange rates and reversal of the export contribution to the economy to the demand. The aftermath of the global financial crisis was characterized by increased taxation to the tune of $39 billion and reduced government expenditure to the tune of $ 7 bn thus a perfect example of contractionary fiscal policy by the Australian government in its 2012-13 Budgetary allocations(Weber 2012).Also, the contribution of foreign demand for goods between China and Australia during the Global financial crisis cant be ignored as having contributed to the economic growth rate of Australia during that period of time, specifically 2008-09.Specifically, the trade volume between China and Australia during the crisis amounted to $78.1bn having increased from %67.6bn in the year 2008. This is a significant contribution to the Australian gross domestic product given the global economic downturn at the time(Priestley n .d).This goes to show that sole application of fiscal policy is inadequate to effectively cure the negative effects of economic downturns thus the need to incorporate other demand based and supply side based policies to supplement fiscal policy.Also according to an article in the Guardian, low public debt and budgetary surplus hugely contributed to the Australian economy quick recovery from the effects of the global financial crisis (Alexander 2013). In addition, fiscal policy is used to control national debt in the long term(Weber 2012).During the Global Financial Crisis, the Australian Federal government rested its fiscal policy inclusive of increased expenditure and fiscal stimulus to boost economic activity(Makin 2010). However, according to an Australian article, the fiscal policy did not solely stimulate the Australian economy out of the depression but exchange and interest rates regulation, which is basically monetary policy. Furthermore, there was the implementation of the Economic Stimulus Act 2008 which offered rebates on taxes, investment taxes for businesses in the United States of America which helped the country overcome the negative plights of the recession(Romer 2013) thus proof of the effectiveness of fiscal policy in stimulating economic activity. Further, the Australian government implemented a $22 bn fiscal surplus in its schooling infrastructure and $4bn for business incentives(Barret 2012).Besides fiscal policy, flexible labor market and exchange rates also aided Australia in its out of recession phase. In addition, there was in place stronger financial regulation which puts across the importance of other measures alongside fiscal policy to effectively deliver on its mandate. Typically, the Australian government has implemented fiscal policies through tax cuts and increased spending to stimulate economic growth following economic downturns such as the 1990 s recession and the Global financial crisis of 2008-09.Noteworthy, fiscal policies are advocated for under the Keynesian Economics. Majorly, fiscal policies are effective due to the fact that they are targeted for specific projects or purposes thus making the result effective for the intended purpose. Simply put, fiscal policy is purposeful in its execution. Also, through fiscal policies, the results are achieved faster as contrasted with monetary policies.Moreover, the implementation of a timely fiscal policy response to the global financial crisis by the Australian government was successful(Swan 2011).Through fiscal policy employment opportunities were salvaged and business cycles. This is further proof of how effective fiscal policy can be. Fiscal policy has various advantages and shortcomings. However, the implementation of fiscal policies such as expenditure can lead to budgetary deficits which is bad for the economy(Hayes 2016).Further, through taxation, which is a major fiscal policy tool, negative externalities can be avoided or minimized in the sense that heavy taxation can be levied on pollutant companies and harmful products to discourage production and consumption respectively. Also, through tax savings or government spending, the acquired revenue through fiscal policy might be utilized outside the country thus not benefiting the citizens of that particular government thus the assertion that citizens are not always the beneficiaries of implemented fiscal policies. The dependence of implementation of fiscal policies through taxes and expenditure is dependent on the politics of the day thus the belief that party policies are central to the decision-making of fiscal policy. All in all, fiscal and monetary policies are both considered economic stabilizers despite their different approaches. Despite the application of the fiscal policy to stabilize the economy, it is criticized for being slower in its results as compared to monetary policy.Further, the implementation of fiscal policy through reduced government expenditure might negatively affect the public welfare and interest because inefficiency and market failures may result from the reduced public expenditure.Also, time lags might render the fiscal policies ineffective by the time they are effectively implemented. Fiscal policies require political will and legislation to be effective and operational thus the need for nonreliance on fiscal policies solely to stabilize economic fluctuations(Tejvan 2016).Moreover, an increase in taxation as a way of curbing expenditure might act against the desire to get employment in the sense that high taxation rates for low-income earners isn't likely to incentivize them to seek work due to the low disposable income after taxation(Tejvan 2016). In addition, the effectiveness of fiscal policies isnt solely dependent but is complemented by demand based factors of the economy. That is to say, there's need for consumers to have substantial disposable income and confidence for them to increase their expenditure thus the need to incorporate other crucial components of the economy that directly impact on the demand for goods. Further, the implementation of the fiscal policy hasnt always provided positive results. Currently, the Australian budget seeks to address budgetary deficit owing to the past fiscal surpluses (Makin 2017).There s need for expansionary fiscal policy to stimulate economic activity and reduce the growing public debt levels. Lack of strong political will has been pointed out as the reason why the issue of budgetary deficits hasnt been properly addressed by the Australian government. According to some economists, fiscal policy on its own wasnt able to drive Australia out of the global financial crisis. Primarily, Foreign demand for Australian products and monetary policy alongside fiscal policy are collectively considered responsible for the economic growth rate of Australia following the global financial crisis of 2008-09(Groenewold N. d).According to a survey by the Australian Institute, the injection of the fiscal stimulus into the economy following the Global financial crisis of 2009 was warranted and justified.Particularly,62 percent of the interviewed citizens applauded the government fiscal policy for shielding the Australian economy against further ruin(Australian Institute n.d).Further, increased government expenditure revived the Australian economy during the global financial recession period(Jacobs 2017).The Australian government invested heaving in the medium term infrastructure of schools and availed various stimulus packages to various sectors of the economy during the Financial Crisis. In addition, following the end of the mining boom, the Australian government has increased its expenditure following the mining boom transition. Similarly, public sector employment opportunities have grown due to increased government expenditure by 12.4 percent(Jacobs 2017).Noteworthy, New South Wales and Victoria have experienced large government expenditure in terms of infrastructure. Further, increased government expenditure has created and maintained employment opportunities following the downturn of the financial crisis of 2008-09.All in all, the implementation of fiscal policy and government expenditure has done more good than bad to the Australian economy following the global financial crisis and the end of the mining boom in Australia.Theres need to strengthen Australian fiscl policy due to the significant changes it has helped transform the Australian econoy after the recent economic downturn.However the s need to incorporate monetary policies alongside fiscal policy due to the advantages of monetary policies over fiscal policies. Conclusion By and large, fiscal policy is considered effective in most economies. This can be attributed to the significant part it played in stabilizing the economy following the global financial crisis of 2008-09.Primarily fiscal policy can be expansionary or contractionary depending on the economic business cycles at the time. Typically, expansionary fiscal policy is effected during economic downturns whereas contractionary fiscal policy is intended for high economic growth times.Once in a while discretionary fiscal policies in the form of stimulus packages are advanced to the economy. The survival of the Australian economy is partly attributed to the foreign demand for goods by China, low national debt levels, timely execution of the fiscal policy, strong financial regulation of the Australian economy and monetary policies collectively. Notably, fiscal policy is advantageous because it can be directly applied to a specific aspect of the economy, its authoritative in nature having its mandate in the government, its results are achieved faster in the event of political will and the necessary infrastructure. However, due to its dependence on political will, time lags may render it ineffective. Further, fiscal policy can result in negative public welfare. Though some economists maintain that fiscal policy solely cushioned the Australian economy from the negative effects of the Global Financial Crisis.Ultimately, the fiscal policy played a very significant role in reviving the Australian economy following the onset of the Global Economic Crisis of 2008-09. References Alexander, D.(2013).How Australia weathered the Financial Crisis While Europe Failed. The Guardian.Available at https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/28/australia-global-economic-crisis#img-1[Accessed 26 Sep 2017] Amadeo, K. (2017).What is Fiscal Policy? Types, Objectives, and Tools. The Balance.Available at https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-fiscal-policy-types-objectives-and-tools-3305844[Accessed 26 Aug 2017] Australian Government.(N.d).The Governments Response to the Global Financial Crisis. Australian Government. Available at https://www.budget.gov.au/2008-09/content/myefo/html/part_.htm[Accessed 26 Sep 2017] Barret, C.(2012).Australia and the Great Recession. North-South Institute. Available at https://www.nsi-ins.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/2012-How-to-prevent-the-next-crisis-Australia.pdf[Accessed 26 Sep 2017] Carmignani, F.(2013).What is good Fiscal Policy in Australia. The Conversation.Available at https://theconversation.com/what-is-good-fiscal-policy-in-australia-17589[Accessed 26 Aug 2017] Dolomare, R. (N. d).The tools of Macroeconomic Policy. Parliament of Australia.Available at https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/MacroeconomicPolicy[Accessed 26 Sep 2017] Duncan, A and Cassells, R.(2017).Government Spending Explained in 10 charts from Howard to Turnbull. The Conversation.Available at https://theconversation.com/government-spending-explained-in-10-charts-from-howard-to-turnbull-77158[Accessed 26 Sep 2017] Focus Economics.(2016).Australia Fiscal Policy 2016.Focus Economics. Available at https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/australia/news/fiscal/australian-government-presents-20162017-budget-revises-upwards[Accessed 26 Sep 2017] Goenewood, (N .d).Australia and the GFC: Saved By Astute Fiscal Policy?.The Western University of Western Australia. Available at https://www.business.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/2254050/12-28-Australia-and-the-GFC,-Saved-by-Astute-Fiscal-Policy.pdf[Accessed 26 Sep 2017] Hayes, A.(2017).Fiscal vs. Monetary Policy Pros and Cons. Investopedia. Available at https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/050615/fiscal-vs-monetary-policy-pros-cons.asp[Accessed 26 Sep 2017] Jacobs, S.(2017).Australia s economy is being cushioned by a big increase in government spending. Business Insider. Available at https://www.businessinsider.com.au/australias-economy-is-being-cushioned-by-a-big-increase-in-government-spending-2017-6[Accessed 26 Sep 2017] Makin, T.(2010).Fiscal stimulus did not save us. The Australian. Available at https://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/fiscal-stimulus-did-not-save-us/news-story/821987c8887e25ed79866fd55f40cd0f3[Accessed 26 Sep 2017] Makin, T.(2017).Budget 2017: This is not the time to turn to Keynes. The Australian. Available at https://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/budget-2017-this-is-not-the-time-to-turn-to-keynes/news-story/c980cc8f92ad17612f7aa1abb1c1947b[Accessed 26 Sep 2017] Priestley, M.(N.D.)Australia, China, and the Global Financial Crisis.Parliament of Australia.Available at https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook43p/australiachinagfc[Accessed 26 Sep 2017] Romer, C and Romer D. (2013).Fiscal Policy in the Great Recession. The University of California, Berkeley.Available at https://eml.berkeley.edu/~webfac/cromer/e134_sp13/Lecture%2015%20Slides%20Long.pdf[Accessed 26 Sep 2017] RoyDon.(2008).Evaluate the effectiveness of fiscal policy in achieving Australia economic objectives. Roydon.Com. Available at https://www.roydonng.com/Documents/Year%2012/Economics/Evaluate%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20fiscal%20policy%20in%20achieving%20Australia.pdf[Accessed 26 Sep 2017] Swan, W.(2011).Keynes the key to maintaining Australia s economic health. The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at https://www.smh.com.au/business/keynes-the-key-to-maintaining-australias-economic-health-20110408-1d7sz.html.[Accessed 27 Sep 2017] Tejvan .(2016).Criticism of Fiscal Policy. Economics Help.Org. Available at https://www.economicshelp.org/macroeconomics/fiscal-policy/fiscal_policy_criticism/[Accessed 26 Sep 2017] The Australian Institute.(n.d).The Global Financial Crisis: What Australians think 10 years on.The Australian Institute.Available at https://www.tai.org.au/content/global-financial-crisis-what-australians-think-10-years[Accessed 26 Sep 2017] Weber, E.J.(2012).Australian fiscal policy in the Aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis. The University of West Australia. Available at https://www.business.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/2157987/12-11-Australian-Fiscal-Policy-in-the-Aftermath-of-the-Global-Financial-Crisis.pdf[Accessed 26 Sep 2017]

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Today, We Are More Concerned With Our Environment Than Ever Before. Si

Today, we are more concerned with our environment than ever before. Similarly, it is my belief that we are more knowledgeable about our earth's environment than did previous generations. I do not believe it would be an understatement to say that the planet earth is in serious jeopardy--from the shrinking rain forests, to the polluting of the oceans and land, to the ozone layer problem. Nevertheless, for purposes of this discussion, it is my intent to focus on pesticides as one particularly rampant source of environmental problems. I particularly favor this subject, because I know that we as Americans can do much to prevent the deleterious impact which pesticides are having upon our environment. This is not some abstract notion that many people have regarding the ozone layer. For example, in one's own backyard or garden, there is much one can do in this respect. Opposition by environmentalists to pesticide use in general and to certain groups of compounds in particular has grown in recent years, based on the contention that pesticides present a threat to the environment and to health. First aroused by the book "Silent Spring" (1952) by Rachel Carson, the anti-pesticide movement has had a substantial influence both in the U.S. Congress and in several state legislatures. As a result, severely restrictive legislation has banned the use of many pesticides and restricted use of several others. Also, costly and complicated legislation requirements have been imposed on new compounds. Pesticide legislation has significantly hampered research and development in the field. The average cost and lead-time needed to recover, research and market a new pesticide has increased from $2 million dollars and four years in the 1950's to nearly $20 million dollars and ten year s in the 1970's. In recent years, more new pesticides have been banned than have had continued effective use, and there has been a reduction in the number of chemistry companies producing pesticides since the restrictions took effect. Environmentalists, scientists, and workers in the pesticide industry have also contented that some pesticide compounds are hazardous to human health. Workers in factories that produce some of these compounds have, in the process of bringing legal suits against some manufacturers, received financial compensation for illnesses allegedly caused by exposure to these chemicals. Agricultural workers have also brought suits, claiming that they have suffered physical damage as a result of pesticide exposure. Some pesticide chemicals -- recently DBCP, which effects the production of sperm-- have had their manufacturing severely restricted. Long range potential dangers of pesticides in the body are also beginning to concern experts. In 1989, controversy arose over safe pesticide levels for children. While the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) claimed that the U.S. food supplies were safe, the National Resource Defense Council (NRDC) produced a study claiming that the safety standards used by the EPA were based on adult diet and physiologies. Some other problems have been attracting public attention. Certain pesticides are lethal to bees, and it is estimated that heavy pesticide use, especially in areas that depend on bees to pollinate crops, have caused substantial reduction in local hive populations. Finally, it has been suggested that the build up of non-degradable pesticides in the soil and in food chain may be more hazardous, in the long run, than these immediate problems. At this point, however, even the claims made against DDT -- which was banned in the United States because of its supposed deleterious effects and its bioconcentration in the food chain -- are still denied by many experts. (Baker, pp. 11-13) Frankly, I am more concerned about the solutions than I am with the causes. Clearly exposure to limits of pesticides in food, and in particular, produce, needs to be given further attention. It was not so long ago when President Clinton and Al Gore first took office, and they both voiced their commitment to the environment. Unfortunately, fruits and vegetables, especially throughout the United States and in particular, California, are exposed to heavy concentrations of pesticides, which inevitably ends up in the food chain, and as well things which people themselves ingest. It seems as if every where you look, there they are: stirring about in your kitchen, hanging in the hallway, and

Monday, November 25, 2019

Essay about Thirteen Colonies and New England

Essay about Thirteen Colonies and New England Essay about Thirteen Colonies and New England 5. Chapter 1: New World Beginnings: 33,000 B.C.-A.D. 1769 A. True-False: Where the statement is true, circle T; where it is false, circle F. 1. T F The geography of the North American continent was fundamentally shaped by the glaciers of the Great Ice Age. 6. 2. T F North America was first settled by people who came by boat across the waters of the Pacific Strait from Japan to Alaska. The early Indian civilizations of Mexico & Peru were built on the economic foundations of cattle & wheat growing. Most North American Indians lived in small, seminomadic agricultural & hunting communities. Many Indian cultures like the Iroquois traced descent through the female line. No Europeans had ever set foot on the American continents prior to Columbus’s arrival in 1492. A primary motive for the European voyages of discovery was the desire to find a less expensive route to Asian goods & markets. 8. 8. T F The beginnings of African slavery developed in response to the Spanish conquest of the Americas. Columbus immediately recognized in 1492 that he had come across new continents previously unknown to Europeans. The greatest effec t of the European intrusion on the Indians of the Americas was to increase the Indian population through intermarriage with the whites. Spanish gold & silver from the Americas fueled inflation & economic growth in Europe. The Spanish conquistadores had little to do with the native peoples of Mexico & refused to intermarry with them. The Spanish were able to defeat the Aztecs because they came from a more sophisticated, urban civilization. Spain expanded its empire into Florida & New Mexico partly to block French & English intrusions. The Spanish empire in the new world was larger, richer, & longer-lasting than that of the English. 9. Among the most important American Indian products to spread to the Old World were a. animals such as buffalo & horses. b. technologies such as the compass & the wheel. c. economic systems such as plantation agriculture & livestock raising. d. foodstuffs such as maize, beans, & tomatoes. The primary staples of Indian agriculture were a. potatoes, beets, & sugar cane. b. rice, manioc, & peanuts. c. maize, beans, & squash. d. wheat, oats, & barley. The number of Indians in North America at the time of Columbus arrived was approximately a. one million. b. four million. c. twenty million. d. two hundred & fifty million. Before Columbus arrived, the only Europeans to have visited North America, temporarily, were a. the Greeks. b. the Irish. c. the Norse. d. the Italians. The Portuguese were the first to enter the slave trade & establish large-scale plantations using slave labor in a. West Africa. b. the Atlantic sugar islands. c. the West Indies. d. Brazil. 3. T F 4. 5. 6. T T T F F F 7. 7. T F 9. T F 10. 11. 12. T T T F F F 13. T F 14. T F 10. Much of the impetus for Spanish exploration

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Discuss the concept of the sustainable development and the component Essay

Discuss the concept of the sustainable development and the component of a sustainable development approach to environmental policy - Essay Example anagement need to go together and are not mutually exclusive (Pezzey, 1992).It has become widely accepted that development strategies of countries aimed at economic growth and poverty alleviation need to consider the state of the natural resources in these nations also since future growth depends on this. The concept of sustainable development has gained particular importance due to the growing concern on climate change and associated environmental issues all over the world. Consequently, sustainable development has become an integral part if the environmental policy of governments and businesses. In this essay, the concept of sustainable development, its importance and guiding principles as well as the component of sustainable development approach to environment policy are discussed. This essay is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the context of sustainable development, section 3 discusses the guiding principles and importance of sustainable development, Section 4 discusses the sustainable development approach to environmental policy in detail. Section 5 concludes the essay. The selfish man made activities without considering the environmental impact has been an issue of great concern from the ancient days. This has been worsened by rapid industrial development, population growth and technological innovations (Liu, 2002). The main consequences of the industrial development included resource depleting, energy intensive and pollutant generating activities and redistribution of important substances in natural environment like carbon, sulphur, heavy metals and chlorine generated by fossil fuel burning, underground mines and thermal process respectively. The main greenhouse gases are water vapour, CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and halocarbons (IPCC,2007a).Among these, though water vapour is the main contributor to greenhouse gas effect, , the rise in water vapour is not directly a man made activity (IPCC, 2007a). Rise in CO2, which contributes

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Benefit Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Benefit Plan - Assignment Example They should have completed 1000 hours of service with the company which usually occurs around one year after joining the company to be eligible for the benefits. The basic benefit plan of Blue Rose includes Retirement plans and Life Insurance plans. Senior engineers and the management staff get paid vacations and sick leave. All employees are entitled to get basic benefits like workers compensation and Federal Family and Medical Leave. FICA taxes will be deducted from every employee’s salary. The normal retirement age is 65. The benefit is determined based on the annual compensation package. Normal retirement rate benefit will be equivalent to 10% of the actual compensation earned by the employee annually. Pension benefits can be gained from the date of completing service. This is applicable to voluntary retirement, employment termination and quitting due to disability. The company requires every employee who had completed a year with them to contribute 10% of their salary towards life insurance. The company gives coverage up to 10 times the actual amount stored in the employee’s insurance account in cases of medical emergencies, death or disability. They employees who had completed 5 years of working in Blue Rose are eligible to take a loan on their insurance savings. Senior engineers and management staff who have completed 8 years in Blue Rose and are permanent employees of the company can get paid leave up to 15 days a year for vacation or medical emergencies. They are also entitled to get travel allowance for in-country vacations and free accommodation in company guest houses in certain locations. The benefits given by Blue Rose are quite lenient considering the size and profit of the company. But, certain basic additions like medical and dental coverage and paid sick leave for all employees are required. The junior employees will benefit a lot from such plans. 1. A basic

Monday, November 18, 2019

Adult Education in the 21st Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Adult Education in the 21st Century - Essay Example Many theories have been put forward on how adults learn in the 21st century resulting to different propositions in this issue. One of the many theories proposed is Malcolm Knowles’ theory of andragogy that has gained acceptance based on recognition. This theory has been accepted without careful consideration of its propositions. Though widely accepted, there have been debates about this theory’s classification. People have not been able to define this theory according to its work (is it an adult learning theory, a teaching theory, a philosophical theory or all of these) because it may serve different purposes. Adult learning process is a bit different from child education, and it would encompass issues such as the purpose of learning. This process would also require that those being taught choose how they want the process to be done. This would not be the case when dealing with school going children. This write up looks on how adult learning is done in the 21st century. Knowles defines andragogy as â€Å"the art and science of teaching adults.† In his efforts to work on this theory, he gave four assumptions upon which adult learning would be based. According to Knowles, adult learning is based on the following assumptions. The first assumption is that teachers are responsible for helping adults to move from reliance and become independent.The other assumption is that learners are believed to see education as a way to increase their competence. Thirdly, Knowles makes an assumption that learners will be willing to learn to aim that the knowledge attained would enable them solve real-life problems. The other assumption is that adults have are experienced, and this would facilitate the learning process. Later, Knowles together with Holton and Swanson added two assumptions on adult learning. The first one was that adults knew the reason that made them learn at that age. The final assumption in this area is that self esteem is a motivator for adul t education. One concept in this theory is that adult learning has been compared to a contract that requires at least two parties. The teacher and the learner negotiate on the outcome of the learning process that is yet to be implemented. Negotiations on how the outcome will be achieved are also done by these two parties. This corporation of the teacher and the learner in formulating strategies together is the foundation upon which andragogy is based. Therefore, andragogy provide insights on the learning process and is considered an approach to adult education and development (St. Clair, 2002). Transformational and relative learning Adult learning process applies a process called situated learning which tackles activities that are familiar to the learner. Here, the adult students learn through immersion in activities that concern their discipline of study. For instance, engineering and political science students would be required to examine the content and structure of governmental websites. This would enable them study the weaknesses and strengths of government resources that are provided online (Sholes, 2003). Situated learning will aim to achieve various aspects on adults taking learning lessons. Present the students with situations that would reflect the way they will apply the knowledge they have acquired in real life situations. For example, this would be in problem solving in their discipline of work. It will also provide numerous roles and multiple perspectives, support working together in construction of knowledge and admission to expert performances. Constructive- development learning The other theory applied in adult learning is constructive- development theory that encompasses adult growth and the learning proc

Friday, November 15, 2019

Reflective Essay of the Family

Reflective Essay of the Family Write a short autobiographical piece relating to the theories and concepts discussed in the first half of the course. How might parts of your own or your familys life observe, illuminate or be illuminated by the theories and concepts discussed in weeks 1-5 of the course? I was born in Italy and resided there till the age of twenty-eight. I lived in a regional town of around forty-thousand inhabitants with limited cultural opportunities. I studied for a baccalaureate in business and entered the working environment as a news cameraman. In Italy, this would be the equivalent of a blue-collar worker. After having been working for ten years I moved to London and commenced employment as a sales and account manager in I.T. This job required intellectual application to office administration and high degrees of interpersonal relations, combined with knowledge of the product and its application within the marketplace. My increased earnings allowed me to purchase a home for the first time. Access to cultural opportunities in London has broadened my knowledge and understanding of the arts. London has allowed me to realise my potential to become a professional and commence this process by undertaking a history degree. My experience of London has been one of inqui ry and integration within a tolerant and multicultural environment. I will now seek to observe and to illuminate by application to my life some of the concepts and theories discussed in the first half of the course. Conventional wisdom has redefined the social structure of society by cataloguing the population into three classes: the rich, the middle class and the poor. This is very likely to represent the current classification in Italy. Therefore, the distribution of income is the main factor why classes still exist through the buying and selling of labour.[1] In Italy, I would have been classified as being a member of the poor class. Italy is characterised by a stark division between highly industrialised districts and underdeveloped areas of peasant farming. However, it is not always the case that farmers are positioned in a lower economic class than those of white-collar workers. For instance, and from my own experience, Italian farmers may be economically better-off than public servants because of the potential to sell their produce in their ow n shops and to secure a higher income. Accordingly, their economic capital is directly converted in the form of property rights and tangible assets such as houses and cars. [2] By relocating to London my observable classification within a conventional understanding of class remained unchanged because I could only sell my skills and labour. Now applying Bourdieus frameworks for class in Italy, I would have been considered as having a low economic capital. However, Bourdieus concept of cultural and social capitals applied to my employment as a news cameraman demonstrates an enrichment of both those capitals due to the enlargement of my social contacts. It could be claimed that I had found the perfect fit and I was floating like a fish in water: my habitus, made up of layering built up by experiences grounded in my body and mind, had met a social world of which it is the product,[3] therefore, I was experiencing the world pleasantly and I was in my comfort zone. Being a newcomer in London brought about the experience of a downward shift on all my capitals. Work, education and social networks had to be rebuilt. When someone steps out of the comfort zone it is likely to resemble a fish out of water, a suffused sense of inadequacy.[4] The new environment has offered me opportunities to improve my education and expand my social contacts. Bourdieu suggests that it is under conditions of hysteresis[5] when you are a fish out of water that great changes can occur. The hysteresis effect might provide an explanation of how I can make sense of my new environment based on my habitus, and on my capacity to decode parallels between the previous context and the new one. The seven classes of the Great British Class Survey of 2013 are built upon the development of certain sectors of economic activity, such as the technical middle class and the new affluent workers.[6] In Italy I would have been included in the traditional working class. Using the Survey Calculator twice and ending up in two different classes, it was evident that I provided the same social and cultural capitals and only modified my income. Firstly, when I used to work as an account manager, I was assigned to the group of Established middle class, secondly, now that I am a student, I fall within the Traditional working class. Mike Savage, one of the promoters and researchers of the survey, in his BBC Radio 4 interview, has stated that the study has moved away from the occupational classes.[7] This would not be the case, in fact as the results of my two surveys demonstrate, it does not take into consideration cultural and social capitals. I also agree with Colin Mills, lecturer in sociol ogy at Nuffield College Oxford, that the nature of the BBC sample is somewhat flawed: the 160.000 respondents of the online survey are most likely to be more educated and in highly paid jobs, whereas the respondents of the face-to-face research of 1000 people are more varied and allowed to build more classes[8]. It can be claimed that the findings of the BBC survey come from the information provided by the smaller research, hence the internet survey plays almost no role in defining these categories and the class I fall in. It can be clearly observed that, by applying class theories to my own life, only one class theory demonstrates any depth of analysis with regards to social and cultural aspects, namely the one developed by Bourdieu. By moving from Italy to London, my class has shifted upwards in all my three capitals. References [1] https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm#007 [accessed on 20th January 2017] [2] Pierre, Bourdieu, The Forms of Capital, in John Richardson (ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, (New York, 1986),p.243 [3] Pierre, Bourdieu and LoiÃÅ'ˆc J. D., Wacquant, An invitation to reflexive sociology, (Cambridge, 1992),p.127 [4] Diane, Reay, Gill, Crozier and John, Clayton, (2010) Fitting in or standing out: working-class students in UK higher education, British Educational Research Journal 32(1),p.11 [5] Pierre, Bourdieu, Outline of a theory of practice, trans. Richard Nice, (Cambridge, 1977),p.78 [6] Mike, Savage et al., A new model of social class? Findings from the BBCs Great British Class Survey experiment, Sociology 47(2), p. 230 [7] http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07gg1kb [8] Ibid.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Asian Financial Crisis Essay -- business economics

In the summer of 1997, an economic and currency crisis rocked the Asian markets. One by one, Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, Korea and Japan saw their economies crash in the wake of heavy foreign investment. An economic boom had made the region an attractive investment opportunity for much of the 1990s. By 1997, however, domestic production and development had stalled, and foreign investors grew nervous. A divestment run on the Thai baht triggered the crash. Large corporations, extremely dependent upon the confidence of foreign investors failed to meet debt obligations and began to fail throughout Southeast Asia. Currencies throughout the region faltered and nosedived from their mid-1990s positions of stability. The causes of the Asian economic crisis are varied. Lax oversight of corporations had ramifications in economic downturns that were not a concern in the mid-90s boom. Macroeconomic policies of the southeast Asian countries made their economies vulnerab le to the uncertain confidence of their foreign investors. Despite this, Corsetti, Pesenti and Roubini (1998) make the point that, ?market overreaction and herding caused the plunge of exchange rates, asset prices and economic activity to be more severe than warranted by the initial weak economic conditions.? Much of the crisis that began in 1997 has roots that go back further to the area?s economic growth that started in the early 1990s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although many economists consider the Asian economic collapse to have begun in Thailand, conditions throughout the region meant that other countries? economies were destabilized to the extent that they quickly followed Thailand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the early 1990s, growth in Southeast Asia attracted much foreign capital. However, by 1995 and 1996, Thailand?s current account deficit had grown (from 5.7% in ?93 to 8.5% in ?96 [Pesenti et al., 1998]). When domestic production slowed, this account imbalance represented an even greater percentage, when compared to GDP. Much of the instability in Thailand?s economy was brought about by heavy short-term borrowing that required stringent debt maintenance. A boom in real estate and the Thai stock market attracted foreign speculation that could not be sustained in the face of investor doubts. The Thai government attempted to shore up shaky investor confidence by officially backing the financial in... ...r 1997 are from the Economist Intelligence Unit Country Report, 2nd quarter 1998. Table 2. Non-Performing Loans (as proportion of total lending in 1996) Korea   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8% Thailand   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13% Indonesia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13% Hong Kong   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3% Malaysia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10% China   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14% Philippines   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14% Taiwan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4% Singapore   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4% Source: 1997 BIS Annual Report; Jardine Fleming. Table 3. Debt Service plus Short-Term Debt, World Bank Data (% of foreign reserves ). 1990   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1991  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1992  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1993   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1994   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1995   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1996 Korea   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  127.4   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  125.9   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  110.4   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  105.7   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  84.9   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  204.9   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  243.3 Indonesia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  282.9   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  278.8   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  292.0   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  284.8   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  278.0   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  309.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  294.2 Malaysia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  64.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  45.9   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  45.6   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  42.4   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  48.7   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  55.9   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  69.3 Philippines   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  867.6   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  257.0   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  217.1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  212.6   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  172.0   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  166.6   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  137.1 Thailand   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  102.4   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  99.3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  101.3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  120.3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  126.6   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  138.1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  122.6 Hong Kong   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30.5   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  26.9   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  22.8   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20.6   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  22.0   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  16.8 China   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  55.3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  43.7   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  108.6   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  113.7   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  54.1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  49.6   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  38.5 Taiwan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  23.9   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  22.3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  23.1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  25.2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  23.7   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  24.2